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    <title>EconStor Collection:</title>
    <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/146309</link>
    <description />
    <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2026 01:34:18 GMT</pubDate>
    <dc:date>2026-04-30T01:34:18Z</dc:date>
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      <title>EconStor Collection:</title>
      <url>http://econstor.eu:80/retrieve/c11a100f-f26c-4d86-9c5b-4c4b709d854c/86435.png</url>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/146309</link>
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      <title>A compensation model developed to increase spectrum usage efficiency in the 4G era</title>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/146334</link>
      <description>Title: A compensation model developed to increase spectrum usage efficiency in the 4G era
Authors: Chou, Yuntsai; Hu, Weimin; Lien, Hsienming
Abstract: Because fourth-generation (4G) mobile communications services are provided over refarmed and heterogeneous bands for the first time, a unified spectrum management regime fails to accommodate the spectral heterogeneity. In Taiwan, we still extend the 2G incumbents' usage right on the 900MHz and the 1800 MHz frequencies until 2015; meanwhile they have been refarmed for 4G uses since the late 2013. Likewise, the 2600 MHz frequencies are now considered for 4G auction in late this year (2015); nonetheless, they are currently assigned for wireless broadband access (WBA) services until 2020. This marks the telecommunications service providers' usage rights on the certain bandwidths are overlapping with each other, causing the unintended consequences of interference, hoarding, delayed deployment, and consequentially lack of spectrum usage efficiency.This paper is written to design an institution that mitigates the problem of unintended hoarding by the incumbents so that the spectrum can be swiftly switched to the supposedly more efficient uses. Facing the similar hoarding problem in the bandwidths of digital dividend, the US Federal Communication Commission (FCC) proposed incentive auction in hopes of compensating media broadcasters for their relinquishing the usage rights with the amount of bids paid by the winner. Even though the US Congress authorized the FCC to conduct incentive auctions in February, 2012, the FCC so far has not yet initiated once. This delay implies that incentive auction seems theoretically plausible but may not realistically feasible. Therefore, this study provides alternatives for efficient handover of spectrum usage rights.We hypothesized 4 scenarios for the WBA operators in hoarding the 2600 MHz frequencies. One is neither upgrade to 4G technologies and nor license renewal; the second is the upgrade allowed but no license renewal; the third is no upgrade but the license renewed; and fourth is both upgrade and renewal are allowed. We then employed econometric analysis to estimate the value of 2600 MHz frequencies under different usage restrictions. The value indicates the incumbent's willingness to forgo its usage right once compensated. Nevertheless, we observed that, even if with highest amount of compensation, the WBA incumbent may still opt to hoarding because it expects beyond-normal payoffs. Without the enforced mechanism rooted in incentive auction, the incumbent demonstrates opportunistic behavior to raise the payoffs in exchange its forgone usage of the bandwidths. We then devised an institution of the ad hoc clearing house guaranteed by the national regulatory authority (NRA). The NRA facilitates the transaction between the new owner and incumbent by acting as the third-party warrantee. Doing so could swiftly clear the used bandwidths and increase the efficiency of spectrum usage.</description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:date>2015-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>A socio-technical framework for internet-of-things design</title>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/146323</link>
      <description>Title: A socio-technical framework for internet-of-things design
Authors: Shin, Dong H.; Kim, Sungho; Hong, Yeonho; Chung, Kyungmi; Jeong, Jaeyeol
Abstract: This study presents a case application of a socio-technical framework to assess and predict the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Korea. Applying a socio-technical system approach to the IoT, this paper seeks a clear understanding of how the IoT will evolve and stabilize in a smart environment. It investigates the complex interaction between social and technical aspects of the IoT, by highlighting the co-evolution, interaction, and interface, which constitute the next generation network environment. It describes the challenges in designing, deploying, and sustaining the diverse components of the IoT, and provides a snapshot of Korea's current approach to meeting this challenge. Finally, the findings of this study provide insights into these challenges and opportunities, by offering a socio-technical analysis of IoT development. The insights help to conceptualize how the IoT can be designed and situated within human-centered contexts.</description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">https://hdl.handle.net/10419/146323</guid>
      <dc:date>2015-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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      <title>Shape of universal service policy for IoT: An exploration from US and Japanese policies on universal service for broadband</title>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/146335</link>
      <description>Title: Shape of universal service policy for IoT: An exploration from US and Japanese policies on universal service for broadband
Authors: Watanabe, Tomoaki
Abstract: This paper has two major parts. First, it reviews U.S. and Japanese broadband universal service policies, with special attention to the process of and discussions on (re)defining scope of the network services to be dealt with in the policy. Second, it explores the shape of universal service policy for Internet of Things. IoT is still in its formative years, but there is a potential for IoT-based devices and services to be popular and important for the social life in the near future. This paper takes an approach to first review how the universal service policies determine target service for the policy. More specifically, recent policy discussions and formal processes in the U.S. and Japan regarding inclusion of broadband network for universal service are reviewed. In the U.S. formal inclusion process of broadband network for universal service has happened in the early 2010's. In Japan, there is an ongoing policy discussion, which may or may not lead to inclusion of broadband in the near future. U.S. values advanced services more in the context of universal service, while Japan has a more welfare-oriented approach, the kind which emphasize guarantee of essential services for individuals. Broadband, when compared to traditional telephone network, supports a widerrange of uses. This is the case almost by definition - telephone is primarily a simultaneous, two-way, two-person, voice communication, whereas broadband simply means a large amount of bandwidth, without specifying the type of communication or services such network supports. Similarly, IoT may be greater in scope of uses it supports. This is again a consequence of the meaning of the term: greater scope of physical objects are (going to be) connected to the Internet. It is not difficult to imagine such services as health and safety monitoring services for the elderly and in the near future to be considered essential for the society. In case of IoT, however, there is still a degree of uncertainty regarding the diversity of network infrastructure. That is, it seems that there is a fair amount of chance that specific network is tied (such as by technological standard and contract terms) to specific set of devices and services. Home monitoring service, e-reader, and other devices and services may have different sets of network requirements to provide optimal services. In this sense, IoT may present a set of relatively new challenges to universal service policy. As we see in some existing products, network cost may be internally subsidized in case of bundled offers, and difficult to single out. We may face such questions as how meaningful is it to subsidize only network-related cost, ignoring service and device charges; how we can define supported services when speed may or may not be all that matters. Helpful lessons could be drawn from handling of difference of mobile and fixed broadband. The two are rather different from fixed broadband in terms of connectable devices and services offered.</description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">https://hdl.handle.net/10419/146335</guid>
      <dc:date>2015-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>The Role of Mobile Network Operators in Intelligent Transport Systems: Situation Analysis, Challenges and Suggested Approach</title>
      <link>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/148644</link>
      <description>Title: The Role of Mobile Network Operators in Intelligent Transport Systems: Situation Analysis, Challenges and Suggested Approach
Authors: Karapantelakis, Athanasios; Markendahl, Jan
Abstract: In recent years, the role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in automotive has been accentuated, as services requiring vehicle-to-infrastructure (“V2I”) networks to communicate with off-board software have been multiplying. While current legislation, policies and network infrastructure generally limit such off-board services to infotainment (for example in-vehicle hotspots for media streaming, web browsing from passenger mobile devices) for safety and security reasons, many industry analysts but also the research community predict that the automotive landscape of 2025 will be different. Next generation mobile networks are expected to provide the necessary quality of service (e.g. low latency, high throughput) to support a broad range of applications, from infotainment to mission-critical telematic applications that involve partial or full remote vehicle control. At the same time, such mission-critical applications have already started to appear as Proof-of-Concepts (PoCs), in controlled environments (for example controlled sections of highways, or test tracks). In this paper, we investigate the role of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in such applications. The paper starts from an overview of the current status of automotive/ICT industry from a market, policy and technology perspective. Subsequently, we present results from a study of two use cases performed within Ericsson Research. The authors use learnings from these use cases and the current industry status to form a general understanding on the challenges that MNOs will face as network infrastructure providers for automotive applications, as well as strategic options for MNOs to address these challenges.</description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">https://hdl.handle.net/10419/148644</guid>
      <dc:date>2015-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
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