https://hdl.handle.net/10419/65906 2026-09-14T01:08:02Z https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324429 Title: Returns to testosterone across men's earnings distribution in the UK Authors: Eibich, Peter; Kanabar, Ricky; Plum, Alexander Abstract: We study how population variation in testosterone levels impacts male labour market earnings using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study between 2011 and 2013. We exploit genetic variation between individuals as instrumental variables following a Mendelian Randomization approach to address the endogeneity of testosterone levels. Our findings show that higher testosterone levels have a strong positive impact on earnings. Importantly, these findings are limited to men belonging to the lower quartile of the testosterone distribution and working in higher-paid jobs. We show that differences within rather than between occupations drive these findings, whereas we find limited support for selection into occupation or mechanisms involving individual characteristics, including personality traits and education. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324430 Title: The daughter penalty Authors: Bhalotra, Sonia; Clarke, Damian; Nazarova, Angelina Abstract: Looking at the earnings profiles of men and women after their first child is born, a number of studies establish that women suffer a larger penalty in earnings than men-a child penalty. Leveraging randomness in the sex of the first birth, we show that the child penalty in the UK is larger when the first born child is a girl. We label this the daughter penalty. Exploiting rich longitudinal survey data, we examine behavioural responses to the birth of a daughter vs. a son to illuminate the underpinnings of the daughter penalty. We find that the birth of a daughter triggers more household specialisation than the birth of a son, with mothers taking on a larger share of household chores and childcare. Mothers suffer a daughter penalty in mental health, while fathers report more satisfaction with their relationship. Our findings imply that girls and boys in the UK are, on average, growing up in different home environments, with girls growing up in households that, by multiple markers, are more gender-regressive. This is potentially a mechanism for the inter-generational transmission of gendered norms. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324379 Title: The importance of host country human capital for the labour market integration of different migrant groups in Europe Authors: Zwysen, Wouter; Demireva, Neli Abstract: The labour market integration of migrants is a heavily politicised topic in Europe. Using detailed and recently updated data on migrant's motivations this paper places a much needed emphasis upon the heterogeneity of migrant groups and the pathways to their labour market integration. We focus on host country human capital and labour market outcomes from three ad-hoc modules of the EU Labour Force Survey to analyse (1) who takes up host country human capital; and (2) determine what the role of host country human capital acquisitions are in the labour market integration of heterogenous migrant groups and across time. Our results indicate that the take-up of host country human capital differs strongly between countries, with some of these differences reflecting the impact of specific policies, as well as variation in the economic context upon arrival. Importantly, we find that whereas non-economic migrants are at a substantial disadvantage compared to the majority, non-economic migrants benefit relatively much more from host-country human capital, particularly better language skills, host country qualifications and having equivalised their degrees. Our analysis points to the need to consider the trajectories of labour market integration of different migrant groups separately as there is great variation with years of residence and the take up of host country human capital. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10419/306616 Title: The economic value of childhood socio-emotional skills Authors: Del Bono, Emilia; Etheridge, Ben; Garcia, Paul Abstract: We investigate the relationship between child socio-emotional skills and labour market outcomes using longitudinal data from the 1970 British Cohort Study. We perform a novel factor analysis of child skills and capture four latent dimensions, representing "attention", "conduct", "emotional", and "peers" problems. Conditional on a range of confounding variables, we find that conduct problems, driven by aggression and impulsivity, are associated with positive outcomes in the labour market: higher wages, higher labour supply, sorting into "good" jobs and higher productivity conditional on job tasks. Attention problems are instead negatively associated with labour market outcomes and this relationship is partially accounted for by schooling. We explore different mediating pathways, including through career interests, socialization and mental health - all measured in the adolescent period - but none of these is able to fully explain the association between child skills and later economic outcomes. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z