https://hdl.handle.net/10419/113354 2026-11-15T01:16:57Z https://hdl.handle.net/10419/116076 Title: Regional Variation in New Firm Formation in Turkey: Cross-Section and Panel Data Evidence Authors: Köksal, Miyase Yesim Abstract: Since the 1980s the promotion of the formation of new firms has been considered as the main policy in dealing with the problem of uneven regional economic development in many countries. The determination of regional characteristics that are influential on new firm formation is quite a bit essential to develop realistic and efficient policies to solve this problem. Turkey is one of the countries with a substantial variation in new firm formation across her regions which are also significantly diversified in terms of social and economic structures. In this context, the present study explores the variation in new firm formation in manufacturing sector across regions of Turkey and investigates the effects of regional characteristics on new firm formation. Furthermore, the study provides a comparison of the differences in regional variation in underlying firm birth processes between developed countries and Turkey as a representative of a developing country. The results of the cross-section and panel data analyses show that population density is the most significant variable in explaining regional variation in new firm formation in manufacturing sector in Turkey. Such an outcome supports the urban incubator theory implying that urban context contributes to new firm formation in manufacturing in Turkey. Keywords: New Firm Formation, Regional Characteristics 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10419/116113 Title: Regional strategies in Baltic countries Authors: Slara, Agita Abstract: The article describes existing situation and gives analysis of the regional development policy determination and implementation in the all three Baltic countries. The starting point of the regional policy formulation and creation was equal for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991. According statistical indicators there are differences between implementation of the regional development activities between all Baltic countries and in regions of inside each country. Disparities between countries illustrate Gross domestic product per capita according to purchasing power standards in 2000 were: Latvia 6700, Lithuania 7500 and Estonia 8600 PPS. Registered unemployment rate, which is one of the statistical indicators for the regional development evaluation, shows negative regional disparities in Latvia in 2001. The highest difference was between Riga region (the richest) and Latgale (the poorest) region is 3.7 times. The author is analysed more detail differences between regions in Latvia and main guidelines of the regional policy implementation in Lithuania and Estonia. Analyses show differences of the institutional mechanism in all three Baltic Countries. The legal bases are different by time and content in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The executive institutions are different at national and regional levels in all three Baltic Countries. In Latvia are accepted five regions correspond to EU NUTS level 3. In Estonia are five regions and in Lithuania 10 counties correspond to regions. Regional development policy support is concentrated on separate territories in each country according EU regional policy principles. The most important regional development program is specially supported region program, which is on-going regional development instrument in Latvia. The main part of specially supported areas is located in Latgale region. National Government of Latvia was selected Latgale and Zemgale regions as the target regions for Phare 2000 support. In 2001-2003 National Policy for Regional Development in Lithuania are focused on three target regions for concentration of Phare support and Lithuania Cabinet support to the regional development: Klaipeda-Taurage, Marijampole and Utenas counties. In Estonia the regional policy to target areas is implemented through the regional development programs as Program for the Agricultural areas, Program for the Industrial areas, Program for the Islands, Program for the Network of centres, Program for the Local Initiative, Program for the cross-border-Cooperation and Program for the Setomaa region. The expected results and evaluation system are not included in the regional development policy documents in all three countries. It is one of the weakest points of the regional development policy implementation process in Latvia. The regional development legislation is very general without monitoring indicators and evaluation process. The author has analysed prepared development strategies of regions according possibility to evaluate success of development planning documents. The descriptive analyse of documents, statistical indicators, matrixes and interviews with responsible persons for the regional development policy at national level and regional level were used in the research. 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10419/115954 Title: Regional supply of Eco-tourism and collective learning: An institutional perspective Authors: Wink, Rüdiger Abstract: Against the background of increasing knowledge on environmental damages by tourism, environmental-friendly tourism became a remarkable niche in the international market for tourism, in particular high-price segments for advanced tourism. Two aspects primarily impede the supply of environmental-friendly tourism: (1) the spatial dimension of environmental effects, making it necessary to implement a regional strategy on preserving environmental functions and coping with competing demands, (2) the characteristics of environmental-friendly tourism as credence good causing the necessity of signalling or screening strategies to overcome adverse selection. Institutions have been developed on a regional level to come to collective agreements on environmental standards and common labels as tourist regions. But still uncertainty remains on (long-term) cause-effect-relationships between tourism and the regional environment and ways to reconcile demanders’ interest and prerequisites of functioning ecosystems. Thus, learning is needed to reduce uncertainty, which means that institutions not only serve to cope with problems of asymmetric distribution of information and strategic uncertainty between individual actors (reallocating knowledge between individuals) but also to increase the knowledge base of the individuals as a whole. The proposed paper will investigate different institutional strategies to create incentives for learning on a regional level by sharing and processing knowledge between single suppliers and demanders of tourism as well as other demanders for environmental functions. Special focus will be directed to the relevance of learning for developing regions often faced with difficulties to obtain the net value of advanced tourism within the region. The methodology is based on an evolutionary institutional model integrating approaches from learning psychology and brain sciences into economic analysis. Although the paper refers to an abstract line of argumentation, the results are illustrated by several examples from developing regions. 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/10419/116206 Title: A Study for the Necessity of Risk Assessment for Heavy metal Pollution in the Barada Basin, Syria Authors: Melhem, Rimah; Higano, Yoshiro Abstract: Manufacturing industries are blooming rapidly in Barada Basin carrying high risk to environment and human health due to generating huge amounts of heavy metals to environmental media, particularly rivers. Few studies show that concentrations of chromium, cadmium, and lead exceed the standards in down streams of rivers. Risk assessment on human health urges for immediate measures to control the emission of these metals. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of comprehensive risk management policy as an element to introduce an optimal policy to reduce water pollution and improve water quality in the Barada Basin. 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z