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  <title>EconStor Collection:</title>
  <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/73192" />
  <subtitle />
  <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/73192</id>
  <updated>2026-05-09T03:58:56Z</updated>
  <dc:date>2026-05-09T03:58:56Z</dc:date>
  <entry>
    <title>Hospital crowding and patient outcomes</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/308786" />
    <author>
      <name>Frimmel, Wolfgang</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Glaser, Felix</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Pruckner, Gerald J.</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/308786</id>
    <updated>2025-01-21T02:34:24Z</updated>
    <published>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Hospital crowding and patient outcomes
Authors: Frimmel, Wolfgang; Glaser, Felix; Pruckner, Gerald J.
Abstract: Using high-quality administrative data from Upper Austria, we analyze the effect of hospital crowding on patients' short- and medium-term healthcare utilization and labor market outcomes. Focusing on acute inpatient diagnoses, we exploit idiosyncratic variation in daily diagnosis-related hospital occupancy rates to estimate the causal effect of hospital crowding. We find that higher crowding levels reduce hospital care intensity, as reflected in fewer medical services provided, lower hospital expenditures, and earlier discharges. Despite these changes, quality of care indicators, including readmissions and mortality, remain unaffected. However, no significant effects are observed either on inpatient and outpatient healthcare utilization in the short- and medium-term or on patients' labor market outcomes following initial hospitalization. These results suggest that crowding-induced differences in hospital care do not lead to changes in patients' health or economic situations over the medium term.</summary>
    <dc:date>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>On Bessel's correction: Unbiased sample variance, the "bariance," and a novel runtime-optimized estimator</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/318482" />
    <author>
      <name>Reichel, Felix</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/318482</id>
    <updated>2025-06-03T03:39:26Z</updated>
    <published>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: On Bessel's correction: Unbiased sample variance, the "bariance," and a novel runtime-optimized estimator
Authors: Reichel, Felix
Abstract: Bessel's correction adjusts the denominator in the sample variance formula from n to n - 1 to produce an unbiased estimator for the population variance. This paper includes rigorous derivations, geometric interpretations, and visualizations. It then introduces the concept of "bariance," an alternative pairwise distances intuition of sample dispersion without an arithmetic mean. Finally, we address practical concerns raised in Rosenthal's article [1] advocating the use of n-based estimates from a more holistic MSE-based viewpoint for pedagogical reasons and in certain practical contexts. Finally, the empirical part using simulation reveals that the run-time of estimating population variance can be shortened when using an algebraically optimized "bariance" approach to estimate an unbiased variance.</summary>
    <dc:date>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>Faith and the child penalty: Religious affiliation and gendered earnings losses after childbirth</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/318522" />
    <author>
      <name>Lebedinski, Lara</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Liedl, Bernd</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Skirbekk, Vegard</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Steiber, Nadia</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/318522</id>
    <updated>2025-06-03T03:39:24Z</updated>
    <published>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Faith and the child penalty: Religious affiliation and gendered earnings losses after childbirth
Authors: Lebedinski, Lara; Liedl, Bernd; Skirbekk, Vegard; Steiber, Nadia; Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf
Abstract: The relationship between parenthood and gendered labor market outcomes has been extensively studied, with the 'child penalty'-defined as the effect of having children on mothers' labor earnings relative to their partners'-documented in many countries. While prior research has explored institutional and normative drivers of this gap, the role of religious affiliation remains understudied, particularly at the population level. Religious beliefs shape both fertility decisions and labor market behavior and hence are potentially an important factor shaping heterogeneity in the size of the child penalty. Using comprehensive Austrian register data, this study provides novel evidence on the intersection of religious affiliation and the child penalty. Our results indicate that religious affiliation acts as a moderator of child penalties. Women with a religious affiliation, particularly those belonging to the Catholic majority, experience substantially larger earnings losses following childbirth compared to their secular peers. A decade after the birth of the first child, the woman's share of the couple's joint labor income declines by around 25 percentage points among couples where both partners are Catholic, compared to 18 percentage points among religiously unaffiliated couples. These findings underscore the importance of cultural factors in shaping the economic consequences of motherhood.</summary>
    <dc:date>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>Earnings volatility in Austria</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/315043" />
    <author>
      <name>Böheim, René</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Pichler, David</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/315043</id>
    <updated>2025-04-25T04:04:48Z</updated>
    <published>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Earnings volatility in Austria
Authors: Böheim, René; Pichler, David
Abstract: This study analyzes earnings volatility in Austria from 1980 to 2018, providing a comprehensive view of individual income instability and its demographic and structural determinants. Using administrative data, we examine volatility trends by gender, age, earnings deciles, and employment interruptions. We find that earnings volatility has increased over time, with employment interruptions as a major driver, particularly among employees in low-skill sectors and the lower earnings deciles. Additionally, we observe significant gender differences, with women experiencing higher volatility, often linked to childbirth and family-related career interruptions. Through variance decomposition, we attribute the greater share of volatility to demographic changes, including the impact of migration, sectoral shifts, and the growing labor force participation of women.</summary>
    <dc:date>2025-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
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