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  <title>EconStor Collection:</title>
  <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/65283" />
  <subtitle />
  <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/65283</id>
  <updated>2026-04-28T14:09:23Z</updated>
  <dc:date>2026-04-28T14:09:23Z</dc:date>
  <entry>
    <title>From quotas to classrooms: The impact of minority representatives on development and education in India</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/339508" />
    <author>
      <name>Owens, Trudy</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Upward, Richard</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Vinod, Athira</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/339508</id>
    <updated>2026-04-04T07:06:36Z</updated>
    <published>2026-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: From quotas to classrooms: The impact of minority representatives on development and education in India
Authors: Owens, Trudy; Upward, Richard; Vinod, Athira
Abstract: We provide new evidence on the effect of minority elected state representatives on economic development and schooling in India. Using data on candidates in all state assembly elections from 1974 to 2017, we exploit two discontinuities in the reservation of constituencies for Scheduled Castes (SCs). As economic indicators, we use development outcomes from census data in 2001 and 2011, some 27 and 37 years after the reservation process was implemented. Consistent with Jensenius (2015), we find that the economic development of reserved constituencies continues to keep pace with that of unreserved constituencies. Importantly, we find evidence that SC reservation after 2008 had an effect on schooling outcomes by increasing the impact of the Right to Education Act, a policy that varied widely in its implementation across India. We also find that the reservation process after 2008 significantly increased female representation and increased affiliation with political parties.</summary>
    <dc:date>2026-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>Affirmative action and private education expenditure by disadvantaged groups: Evidence from India</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/284124" />
    <author>
      <name>Vinod, Athira</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/284124</id>
    <updated>2024-03-02T02:15:42Z</updated>
    <published>2024-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Affirmative action and private education expenditure by disadvantaged groups: Evidence from India
Authors: Vinod, Athira
Abstract: Under the Right to Education Act (2009), the Indian government introduced a policy that required private schools to reserve 25% of primary school places for children from socially disadvantaged households. This paper examines the impact of the RTE Act's reservation policy on private school expenditure by socially disadvantaged households. Leveraging the age of school entry and using a difference-in-difference approach, this paper finds a significant decrease in private school fees for disadvantaged children postpolicy. This reduction is more pronounced in districts with higher enrolment rates under the policy. The change is attributed to a rise in low-cost private schools post-policy, facilitating cheaper education for disadvantaged students. Moreover, there exists a strong correlation between the growth of low-cost schools and increased policy enrolments at the district level.</summary>
    <dc:date>2024-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>Direct and indirect effects of the Right to Education Act on the enrolment of disadvantaged groups in India</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/284123" />
    <author>
      <name>Vinod, Athira</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/284123</id>
    <updated>2024-03-02T02:46:35Z</updated>
    <published>2024-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Direct and indirect effects of the Right to Education Act on the enrolment of disadvantaged groups in India
Authors: Vinod, Athira
Abstract: Using longitudinal school data from India, this paper examines enrolment trends of socially disadvantaged children post the Right to Education (RTE) Act, which mandated the reservation of 25% of private school places for such children. Post-RTE, a significant increase is observed in disadvantaged children attending private schools. Difference-in-differences analysis reveals greater increases in schools previously below the 25% quota, especially those participating in the reservation policy. The results are however driven by a 'substitution' of places, where private schools are replacing free places under the policy with fee-paying disadvantaged children.</summary>
    <dc:date>2024-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>Within-group inequality and caste-based crimes in India</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/306635" />
    <author>
      <name>Bhowmick, Kanishka</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Dasgupta, Indraneel</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Pal, Sarmistha</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/306635</id>
    <updated>2024-11-27T02:21:55Z</updated>
    <published>2024-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Within-group inequality and caste-based crimes in India
Authors: Bhowmick, Kanishka; Dasgupta, Indraneel; Pal, Sarmistha
Abstract: We examine how within-group inequality, by influencing the group bias of state institutions, affects the cost-benefit calculus of individuals engaging in identity-assertive behaviour, that results in police complaints regarding hate crimes. We develop a two-stage contest model of between-group conflict, where the relative influence of a group over institutions, determined by an initial contest, affects subsequent hierarchy-establishing interaction between individuals belonging to opposing groups. Applying this model to caste conflict in India, we find that greater inequality among non-Scheduled Caste (non-SC) Hindus reduces the registered rate of crimes against SCs by non-SC Hindus, as well as the conviction rate for these crimes. Greater inequality among SCs increases both rates. Using statelevel annual crime and household consumption data over 2005-2021, we find empirical support for these hypotheses. Between-group inequality does not appear to matter for either the rate of crimes against SCs or the conviction rate. Our analysis suggests that greater inequality within marginalized groups might increase reporting and punishment of aggression against them, thereby serving a protective function.</summary>
    <dc:date>2024-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
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