https://hdl.handle.net/10419/44480 2026-09-17T08:53:42Z 2026-09-17T08:53:42Z Jaakko, Markkanen https://hdl.handle.net/10419/316995 2025-05-15T07:38:26Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Passthrough of retail price regulation in the market for pharmaceuticals Authors: Jaakko, Markkanen Abstract: I study the passthrough of regulated ad valorem pharmacy markups and reduced Value Added Tax (VAT) rates to pharmaceutical retail prices in Finland. My reduced form evidence shows that pharmaceutical manufacturers respond to a decrease in regulated pharmacy markups by increasing their wholesale prices. I estimate a structural model of pharmaceutical supply and demand using data from the Finnish statin market. My results show that manufacturers benefit significantly from existing pharmaceutical tax subsidies, making them an expensive way to support poorer patients.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Ropponen, Olli https://hdl.handle.net/10419/317006 2025-05-15T07:37:04Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Perintö- ja lahjaveron käyttäytymisvaikutukset Authors: Ropponen, Olli

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Terhi, Maczulskij https://hdl.handle.net/10419/316996 2025-05-15T07:38:00Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Immigration and innovation in Finnish manufacturing firms Authors: Terhi, Maczulskij Abstract: This study examines the relationship between immigration and firmlevel innovation in the Finnish manufacturing sector. The analysis leverages unique matched data, including employees' immigration status, firm-level patenting, process and product innovation activities, and innovation inputs spanning the 2000-2018 period. To address the potential endogeneity of a firm's immigrant employment, an instrumental variables approach is employed using the historical geographic distribution of immigrants in the region where the firm is located. The results reveal that an increase in immigrant employment positively influences process and product innovation, and skilled foreign knowledge boosts the number of patent applications. Additionally, immigration leads to reduced external R&D expenditures, indicating that immigrant workers may substitute outsourced innovation inputs. The study also finds no evidence that immigration adversely affects native workers' employment in Finnish firms. By contrast, it may benefit natives with complementary skills.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Kuusi, Tero Lähdemäki, Sakari https://hdl.handle.net/10419/322580 2025-08-01T05:58:36Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Growth in chains: EU value chain productivity and its slowdown Authors: Kuusi, Tero; Lähdemäki, Sakari Abstract: We examine value chain productivity within the EU15 from 1995 to 2017; a period marked by growth and its subsequent slowdown following the 2008 Financial Crisis. Using data on global value chains from the new OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Tables and KLEMS data, we construct a measure of total factor productivity (TFP) of value chains, indexed by their final producer industry.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z