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  <title>EconStor Collection:</title>
  <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/290656" />
  <subtitle />
  <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/290656</id>
  <updated>2026-04-28T14:09:24Z</updated>
  <dc:date>2026-04-28T14:09:24Z</dc:date>
  <entry>
    <title>"Liberal" as a Political Adjective (in English), 1769 – 1824</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324931" />
    <author>
      <name>Klein, Daniel B.</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324931</id>
    <updated>2025-09-09T01:23:49Z</updated>
    <published>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: "Liberal" as a Political Adjective (in English), 1769 – 1824
Authors: Klein, Daniel B.
Abstract: "The data from text digitization show that "liberal" acquired a sustained political signification for the first time around 1769: the liberal policy principles of Adam Smith and his associates. The bodies of evidence include: (1) the non-occurrence in English prior to 1769 (with a few exceptions); (2) the blossoming from 1769 of "liberal plan," "liberal system," "liberal principles," "liberal policy," etc.; (3) the occurrence beginning in the 1770s of political uses of "liberal" in Parliament; (4) the occurrence of the same in the Edinburgh Review, 1802- 1824. The political adjective liberal came alive around 1769 and was sustained straight up to when the political nouns liberalism and liberal start up in the 1820s. The data from French, German, Italian, and Spanish confirm that Britain was the first to get to a political sense of "liberal." Key authors are sampled.</summary>
    <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>"The Greatest and Noblest of all Characters": Knowledge, Improvements, and Smith's "Science of the Legislator"</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324938" />
    <author>
      <name>Sturn, Richard</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324938</id>
    <updated>2025-09-09T01:23:34Z</updated>
    <published>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: "The Greatest and Noblest of all Characters": Knowledge, Improvements, and Smith's "Science of the Legislator"
Authors: Sturn, Richard
Abstract: "Adam Smith's science of the legislator and the "virtues of the statesman" are understood as a kind of higher order-liberalism, coming close to what Colander and Freedman call "the liberal methodology" pertinent to the role of economics in policy-making. Evolving socio-economic heterogeneities, the dynamism of specialisation and politics require a kind of dynamic, open, and contextual second-best approach, based on acknowledging the limits of system and historical contingencies - incompatible with technocratic scientism, utopian perfectionism, and reckless experimentation. I discuss reasons why the science of the legislator "died" (D. Winch), and did not become part of the modern mainstream, even though it has been re-invented time and again.</summary>
    <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>Capitalism, Democracy, and Adam Smith</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324930" />
    <author>
      <name>Thrasher, John</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324930</id>
    <updated>2025-09-09T01:23:35Z</updated>
    <published>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Capitalism, Democracy, and Adam Smith
Authors: Thrasher, John
Abstract: How can we better understand the relationship between capitalism and democracy today? This article challenges the prevailing "independence thesis" that views capitalism and democracy as separate and often antagonistic systems. By revisiting Adam Smith's integrationist approach to political economy, I argue for a more nuanced understanding of the symbiotic relationship between political and economic orders. The article critically examines common responses to the independence thesis - insulation and implementation strategies - and proposes an alternative framework based on Smith's integrated political economy. This Smithian perspective not only offers a more accurate description of the interdependence between capitalism and democracy but also provides a robust foundation for addressing contemporary challenges in political economy.</summary>
    <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>Menger vs. Smith? Carl Menger's Reading of Adam Smith</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324927" />
    <author>
      <name>Campagnolo, Gilles</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/324927</id>
    <updated>2025-09-09T01:23:38Z</updated>
    <published>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Menger vs. Smith? Carl Menger's Reading of Adam Smith
Authors: Campagnolo, Gilles
Abstract: Based on some of Carl Menger's publications, his estate and archives, this article examines how the Austrian School relates to the thought of Adam Smith. Was Menger an heir of Smith, as Gustav Schmoller, leader of the German Historical School and Menger's arch-enemy, insinuated? Was there indeed a positive filiation, traceable in allusions to classical liberal views that the new marginalist Austrian economics would employ? And, generalizing from this: Are Austrians heirs to the British classical school? Some later members of the Austrian school, to begin with Friedrich Hayek, would indeed claim to be heirs to both Smith and Menger. Can one trace some genuinely Austrian ideas back to classical economics? Or are they incompatible? And to which extent did Menger oppose Smith? One result of the inquiry undertaken in this article is that while both should be labelled "liberals," this qualifier does not apply to them in the same manner.</summary>
    <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
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