https://hdl.handle.net/10419/202097 2026-09-15T02:55:56Z 2026-09-15T02:55:56Z Duch-Brown, Néstor Gomez-Herrera, Estrella Müller-Langer, Frank Tolan, Songül https://hdl.handle.net/10419/266525 2023-12-28T03:03:52Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Market power and artificial intelligence work on online labour markets Authors: Duch-Brown, Néstor; Gomez-Herrera, Estrella; Müller-Langer, Frank; Tolan, Songül Abstract: We investigate three alternative but complementary indicators of market power on one of the largest online labour markets (OLMs) in Europe: (1) the elasticity of labour demand, (2) the elasticity of labour supply, and (3) the concentration of market shares. We explore how these indicators relate to an exogenous change in platform policy. In the middle of the observation period, the platform made it mandatory for employers to signal the rates they were willing to pay as given by the level of experience required to perform a project, i.e., entry, intermediate or expert level. We find a positive labour supply elasticity ranging between 0.06 and 0.15, which is higher for expert-level projects. We also find that the labour demand elasticity increased while the labour supply elasticity decreased after the policy change. Based on this, we argue that market-designing platform providers can influence the labour demand and supply elasticities on OLMs with the terms and conditions they set for the platform. We also explore the demand for and supply of AI-related labour on the OLM under study. We provide evidence for a significantly higher demand for AI-related labour (ranging from +1.4% to +4.1%) and a significantly lower supply of AI-related labour (ranging from -6.8% to -1.6%) than for other types of labour. We also find that workers on AI projects receive 3.0%-3.2% higher wages than workers on non-AI projects.

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z Smichowski, Bruno Carballa Duch-Brown, Néstor Gomez-Losada, A. Martens, Bertin https://hdl.handle.net/10419/266524 2023-12-04T02:55:14Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: When "the" market loses its relevance: An empirical analysis of demand-side linkages in platform ecosystems Authors: Smichowski, Bruno Carballa; Duch-Brown, Néstor; Gomez-Losada, A.; Martens, Bertin Abstract: Recent literature has shown that the existence of supply and demand-side non-generic complementarities ("demand-side linkages") within ecosystems raises questions about the pertinence of defining a single relevant market comprising substitute products ("substitutability approach"). However, empirical methodologies to measure these linkages and asses the competitive dynamics underpinning them are lacking. Using recent data from internet traffic between the major 246 European digital platforms, we develop such a methodology and test some theoretical findings of the ecosystems literature with major implications for competition and regulatory analysis. We corroborate that demand-side linkages are a non-negligible phenomenon: 18% of these platforms show them. However, unlike what the ecosystems literature predicts, in roughly half of the cases they do not link complementors but platforms competing in at least one market. Finally, while, as expected, we observe demand-side linkages mostly within industry-defined ecosystems, we find evidence of industry-agnostic ecosystems. These could be instigated and orchestrated by platform users instead of by a firm. We conclude that the substitutability approach is not obsolete, but needs to be complemented with alternative approaches in order to i) take into account coopetition within the same relevant market and ii) analyze how the competitive process in one market can impact the welfare generated in another (industry's) market through non-generic complementarities.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Broocks, Annette Studnicka, Zuzanna https://hdl.handle.net/10419/266526 2023-12-12T02:28:22Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Gravity and trade in video on demand services Authors: Broocks, Annette; Studnicka, Zuzanna Abstract: Over the last decade, watching videos online has become one of the primary uses of the internet, with streaming services accounting for more than 60% of global internet traffic. In this paper we use a novel data set on Netflix, the largest streaming platform worldwide, to estimate the patterns of catalogue availability (extensive margin) and number of clicks per title (intensive margin) across twenty countries. This data set also gives us a unique opportunity to estimate the importance of quality in viewing patterns. Our results show evidence of the gravity framework explaining both margins of Netflix watching. In addition, we find that there is a strong preference for domestic content, better-rated titles, and Netflix Original productions. These findings suggest that as Netflix produces more content, this will interact with its streaming dominance to provide a significant advantage in reaching viewers and promoting specific content.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z Delbono, Flavio Reggiani, Carlo Sandrini, Luca https://hdl.handle.net/10419/266522 2023-12-13T02:54:53Z 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Strategic data sales to competing firms Authors: Delbono, Flavio; Reggiani, Carlo; Sandrini, Luca Abstract: The unprecedented access of firms to consumer level data facilitates more precisely targeted individual pricing. We study the incentives of a data broker to sell data about a segment of the market to three competing firms. The segment only includes a share of the consumers in the market around one of the firms. Data are never sold exclusively. Despite the data are particularly tailored to the potential clientele of one of the firms, we show that the data broker has incentives to sell the list to its competitors. Such market outcome is not socially optimal, and a regulator that aims to maximise consumers and social welfare should consider mandating data sharing.

2021-01-01T00:00:00Z