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  <title>EconStor Collection:</title>
  <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/184298" />
  <subtitle />
  <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/184298</id>
  <updated>2026-05-01T12:41:34Z</updated>
  <dc:date>2026-05-01T12:41:34Z</dc:date>
  <entry>
    <title>Poverty in selected European countries: A spatio-temporal analysis from 2003-2020</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289745" />
    <author>
      <name>Jewczak, Maciej</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Korczak, Karol</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289745</id>
    <updated>2024-04-20T01:26:23Z</updated>
    <published>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Poverty in selected European countries: A spatio-temporal analysis from 2003-2020
Authors: Jewczak, Maciej; Korczak, Karol
Abstract: The problem of poverty, both in theory and practice, gained a new meaning with the beginning of the transformation of selected European economies from being centrally planned to market economies. The transition and the accompanying ownership changes resulted in significant shifts in the income distribution, which affected the increase in the stratification of society in terms of material situation and the deterioration of the living conditions of some social groups. Developing and evaluating anti-poverty programs should be preceded by identifying who is considered poor. Defining poverty is the first and a key step in measuring its characteristics, e.g., its intensity. Hence, the choice of a specific definition of poverty is of fundamental importance for the results of this measurement. The aim of the paper is to assess the material situation of European societies in terms of poverty change in a holistic approach - considering all the information available in international statistics on the problem. To achieve the research objective at the regional data level, we used the URi measure to decompose changes in structure and estimate the direction and intensity of poverty recorded. Further, we evaluated whether the transformations coincide temporarily and spatially. Applying the Hellinger distance (HD) allowed us to identify the significance of trends in changes in the poverty structure, especially in the years of the COVID-19 pandemic, when an increase in the importance of individual structural components of poverty was observed in the analysed European NUTS-2 spatial units. For some economies, the transition was also a consequence of European economic crises or major events of international importance, e.g., sports events or countries acceding to the EU.</summary>
    <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>The impact of COVID-19 on the level and structure of employment in European Union countries</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289728" />
    <author>
      <name>Markowska, Małgorzata</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Sokołowski, Andrzej</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289728</id>
    <updated>2024-04-20T01:21:36Z</updated>
    <published>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: The impact of COVID-19 on the level and structure of employment in European Union countries
Authors: Markowska, Małgorzata; Sokołowski, Andrzej
Abstract: The paper proposes methods that can be used to evaluate the changes in one year of any measurable phenomenon based on how it performed in previous years. The following economic sections are considered: Agriculture, forestry and fishing/Industry/Construction/Wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food services/Information and communication/Financial and insurance activities/Real estate activities/Professional, scientific and technical activities, including administrative and support services/Public administration, defence, education, human health and social work/Arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; activities of household and extra-territorial organisations and bodies. The paper proposes a new method - called The Triple 2 Rule - to identify changes in employment time series. Trends and autoregressive models are estimated for the period 2008-2019, and 2020 forecasts are calculated. The difference between the forecasted and observed values for 2020 is treated as a measure of the impact of COVID-19. Dynamic cluster analysis based on 2008-2020 data is the second approach. The characteristics and changes in the composition of dynamic clusters give a picture of the impact of 2020. These changes can be considered to have been caused - at least partially - by the COVID-19 pandemic.</summary>
    <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>Multi-criteria analysis of the competitiveness of major Baltic Sea container terminals</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289741" />
    <author>
      <name>Bartosiewicz, Aleksandra</name>
    </author>
    <author>
      <name>Jadczak, Radosław</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289741</id>
    <updated>2024-04-20T01:50:13Z</updated>
    <published>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: Multi-criteria analysis of the competitiveness of major Baltic Sea container terminals
Authors: Bartosiewicz, Aleksandra; Jadczak, Radosław
Abstract: The rapid growth in the volume of international container transport requires that the entire transport chain become more competitive, including maritime container terminals. The aim of the article is to identify the number and location of major Baltic container terminals and to perform a multi-criteria analysis of the competitiveness of maritime container terminals in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). In our study, we perform the AHP multi-criteria analysis with subjective criteria weights, as well as the entropy method with objective criteria weights. Thus, we can evaluate the competitive advantages of each of the specified terminals in the region. We are among the first to study the competitiveness of individual maritime container terminals in the BSR. Thus, our research adds to the literature that has yielded results on the competitive advantage of the Baltic seaports.</summary>
    <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
  <entry>
    <title>The motives for issuing exchangeable bonds in the privatization of state-owned enterprises</title>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289734" />
    <author>
      <name>Kaźmierczak, Damian</name>
    </author>
    <id>https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289734</id>
    <updated>2024-04-20T01:15:23Z</updated>
    <published>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</published>
    <summary type="text">Title: The motives for issuing exchangeable bonds in the privatization of state-owned enterprises
Authors: Kaźmierczak, Damian
Abstract: Using a unique sample of exchangeable bond issues carried out in seven countries since the 2000s, this paper investigates the role of hybrid debt in the privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) via government-controlled investment vehicles. This research shows that so far, sixteen series of exchangeable bonds amounting to approx. USD 25 billion were issued to privatize ten SOEs in the telecommunication, energy, basic materials, industrials, healthcare, and utilities sectors in Europe and Asia. Moreover, in some cases, the privatization of SOEs by means of exchangeables can prove to be a more favorable alternative to traditional methods of selling shares directly on the capital market, for example, via IPOs or SPOs (during periods of deep undervaluation of privatized companies or of high stock market volatility). First, shares can be sold at a later date and at a higher price. Second, the impact on the stock market price of an SOE may be less disruptive to shareholders. Third, the entire privatization process tends to be more flexible for issuers in that they can perceive exchangeables as a source of relatively cheap, long-term external capital while keeping control over the privatized company until the potential conversion of debt by bondholders.</summary>
    <dc:date>2023-01-01T00:00:00Z</dc:date>
  </entry>
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