Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/319525 
Year of Publication: 
2025
Series/Report no.: 
SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research No. 1223
Publisher: 
Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), Berlin
Abstract: 
In this study, we contribute to the literature about the effects of improving access to citizenship on integration outcomes. Hereby, we exploit exogenous variation from two citizenship reforms in Germany to estimate the effects of residency requirements on perceived discrimination, which is strongly linked to individual well-being, sense of belonging, and migration desires and decisions. We find that reducing waiting times to become eligible for citizenship decreases perceptions of discrimination. However, heterogeneity analyses reveal that these effects appear to be mostly limited to men and immigrants from Eastern European countries. In addition to our main analysis, we exploit exogenous variation from EU enlargement to show that citizens from countries that became part of the EU report significantly less discrimination than non-EU immigrants.
Subjects: 
Perceived Discrimination
Legal Status
Naturalization
EU Enlargement
JEL: 
J15
J61
J68
J78
K37
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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