Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/289866 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Citation: 
[Journal:] Politics & Gender [ISSN:] 1743-9248 [Volume:] 19 [Issue:] 4 [Publisher:] Cambridge University Press [Place:] Cambridge [Year:] 2023 [Pages:] 981-1006
Publisher: 
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Abstract: 
Since the 1990s, gender quotas have been celebrated for improving women’s equality. Yet their cross-national and longitudinal impact on attitudes toward female politicians and the mechanism through which this process occurs are not well understood. Using multilevel modeling on 87 nations, we examine how different types of quotas, with varied features and levels of strength, shape beliefs about women in politics. We give particular attention to the mechanism of visibility created by quotas in impacting attitudes. Results suggest that unlike quotas with features facilitating low visibility (i.e., weak quotas), those producing high visibility (i.e., robust quotas) significantly impact public approval of women in politics. However, the direction of this effect varies by quota type. Social context also matters. Robust quota effects—both positive and negative—are especially pronounced in democracies but are insignificant in nondemocracies. Limited differences by gender (men versus women) emerge. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
Subjects: 
gender quotas
public opinion
World Values Survey
exposure
symbolic representation
democracy
gender
Persistent Identifier of the first edition: 
Creative Commons License: 
cc-by Logo
Document Type: 
Article
Document Version: 
Published Version

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