Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/280816 
Year of Publication: 
2023
Series/Report no.: 
ECIPE Policy Brief No. 09/2023
Publisher: 
European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE), Brussels
Abstract: 
Access to secure and stable supply of critical raw materials (CRMs) is vital for Europe's economic security. These raw materials, which are indispensable inputs for Europe's modernisation, are supplied by a handful of countries. Among them, China and Russia are two of the most important European suppliers of CRMs. This dependency leaves the EU exposed to Chinese and Russian policies that may harm Europe's economic and political interests.
Document Type: 
Research Report

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