Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/207495 
Year of Publication: 
2019
Series/Report no.: 
IZA Discussion Papers No. 12671
Publisher: 
Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Abstract: 
This paper asks whether gender bias in education expenditure in rural India fell over the two-decade period from 1995 to 2014. We find that instead of falling over time, the channel through which gender bias is practiced changed dramatically over the 20 years. Secondly, the paper demonstrates the usefulness of distinguishing between the two potential channels of gender bias, namely bias in the school enrolment decision, and bias in the conditional educational expenditure decision, rather than in the single unconditional education expenditure decision; this distinction is shown to be important because gender bias in the enrolment decision has greatly fallen but bias in the conditional expenditure decision has significantly risen over time. Thirdly, we find that individual child level data has much greater power to detect gender bias in education spending, compared to household level data. Lastly, household fixed effects analysis shows that the observed gender biases in education spending are a within-household phenomenon in rural India.
Subjects: 
gender bias
education expenditure
education and gender
India
JEL: 
I24
I24
Document Type: 
Working Paper

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