Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/207221 
Year of Publication: 
2019
Series/Report no.: 
CESifo Working Paper No. 7830
Publisher: 
Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo), Munich
Abstract: 
This paper sheds light on the apparent paradox, wherein populations adversely affected by climatic conditions fail to migrate as much as would otherwise be expected. Drawing on Hirschman’s treatise on Exit, Voice and Loyalty, we develop a simple model, which highlights the theoretical case for a substitution effect between voicing and emigration. We subsequently provide causal evidence of voicing representing a new mechanism through which countries adapt to climate change, implementing wage differentials and changes in visa policies at destination as instruments. More intense voicing, as captured by greater numbers of press reports, is associated with lower emigration rates. This substitution effect holds for both internal and international voicing. Our results suggest that restrictions on mobility could result in increasing voicing, both within and between countries.
Subjects: 
emigration
climate change
voicing
trapped populations
JEL: 
F22
O15
P16
O57
Document Type: 
Working Paper
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