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    <title>EconStor Community: Wellesley College</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/300</link>
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      <title>A Tale of Two Seasons: Participation and Medal Counts at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/23233</link>
      <description>Title: A Tale of Two Seasons: Participation and Medal Counts at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Johnson, Daniel K.N.; Ali, Ayfer
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: This paper examines the post-War Summer and Winter Olympic Games in order to determine the economic and political determinants of national participation, of female participation in particular, and of success at the Games (i.e., medal counts). Compared to the Summer Games, Winter participation levels are driven more by income and less by population, have less host nation bias and a greater effect of climate. Roughly similar factors determine medal count success, although single party and communist regimes win far more medals (and gold medals) in both seasons than can be attributed to other factors. We find no large significant differences between types of athletic events (e.g. luge versus nordic skiing). We estimate that major participating nations requires a $260 rise in income per capita to send an extra participant. Similarly the "cost" of an extra medal is $1700 per capita and $4750 per capita for an additional gold medal. Predictions for participation and medal counts (including gold medals in particular) for the 2002 Salt Lake City Games are presented as a test of our analysis.</description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Oct 2001 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>It?s a Small(er) World: The Role of Geography and Networks in Biotechnology Innovation</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/23232</link>
      <description>Title: It?s a Small(er) World: The Role of Geography and Networks in Biotechnology Innovation
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Johnson, Daniel K.N.; Mareva, Milena
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Using patent citation data for the U.S., we test whether knowledge spillovers in biotechnology are sensitive to distance. Controlling for self-citation by inventor, assignee and examiner, cohort-based regression analysis shows that spillovers are local but that distance is becoming less important with time. Network analysis paints a picture of a stable network between states, but a changing environment between individual actors, with a growing importance of connectedness. The popular maxim that everyone is connected by six degrees of separation is tested with surprising results.</description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Oct 2001 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Rhode Island's Family Independence Program, May 1996 - April 2000</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/23231</link>
      <description>Title: Evaluation of Rhode Island's Family Independence Program, May 1996 - April 2000
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Witte, Ann Dryden; Queralt, Magaly; Tauchen, Helen
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: We assess the impact of Rhode Island?s Family Independence Program (FIP) on the employment and earnings of current and former cash assistance recipients. We use administrative data from many sources, including data from state cash assistance records and from employer reports of employment and earnings from the Unemployment Insurance program. Our data are for all-female-headed households receiving Rhode Island cash assistance during the period May 1996 to April 2000. In all we have observations on 29,253 families for an average of 16.6 quarters. We estimate our models using a number of techniques and find that the impacts of major variables are robust across the techniques used. Our results indicate that the major impact of FIP was to increase the likelihood that current and former cash assistance recipients would work. Our best estimate is that the impact of the many changes associated with FIP was to increase the likelihood of work by about 10%. Estimates also indicate that FIP increased the quarterly earnings of current and former cash assistance recipients. However, the estimated increase in quarterly earnings due to FIP was relatively modest (i.e., about $200 per quarter). During the study period, earnings increased substantially (i.e., from a little over $1,000 per quarter to over $2,500 per quarter), but our results indicate that most of this increase was due to increases in the Rhode Island minimum wage, not to FIP.</description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 2000 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact Of Voter Initiatives On Economic Activity</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/23230</link>
      <description>Title: The Impact Of Voter Initiatives On Economic Activity
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Blomberg, S. Brock; Hess, Gregory D.; Weerapana, Akila
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Recent studies have claimed that states with initiatives systems of legislation use this more direct from of democracy to improve productive resource allocation. This paper compares the economic performance of states with initiatives to states that do not have initiatives. We first construct a simple growth model to identify the channel through which initiatives play an important role in determining economic activity; we then test the implications of this model using data for the 48 contiguous United States over the years 1969-1986. Our findings suggest that states with initiative systems waste between 20 to 30 percent fewer resources than do non-initiative states resulting in better economic performance in terms of higher GDP growth and faster convergence.</description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 2000 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
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