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    <title>EconStor Collection: ZEF - Discussion Papers on Development Policy, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/61</link>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/41632">
    <title>Cooperation in transboundary water sharing under climate change</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/41632</link>
    <description>Title: Cooperation in transboundary water sharing under climate change
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Bhaduri, Anik; Manna, Utpal; Barbier, Edward B.; Liebe, Jens
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: As multiple countries share a river, the likelihood of a water resource conflict from climate change could be higher between countries. In this paper, we demonstrate how countries can cooperate in transboundary water sharing in a sustainable way, given the impacts of climate change. We illustrate the case of water sharing of the Volta River between the upstream and downstream country, Burkina Faso and Ghana respectively, where the latter country faces a tradeoff of water use between agriculture in the north and production of hydro energy in the south. In the framework of a stochastic Stackelberg differential game, we have shown how the issue of water sharing could be linked to hydropower export that can make water sharing between the countries sustaining in the event of climate change. Our results indicate that during cooperation, Ghana will have an opportunity to increase its water abstraction for agriculture, which has remained largely restricted. We also find that the equilibrium strategies in the long run steady state distribution are stable even with increasing variances of water flow.</description>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/41631">
    <title>Economic analysis of water supply cost structure in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/41631</link>
    <description>Title: Economic analysis of water supply cost structure in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Tsegai, Daniel W.; Linz, Teresa; Kloos, Julia
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Using data gathered from the National Treasury of South Africa, we examine the structure of water supply costs and tariffs of Water Service Authorities (WSAs) in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa. Using the translog cost function method, the marginal cost of water supply and economies of scale are estimated. Comparison of tariffs and marginal costs show that the estimated marginal cost is higher than the actual tariff paid by consumers. This implies that WSAs in the Middle Olifants are not charging enough to recover the costs of the water services. Thus, among other things, pricing of water at its marginal cost would partly assist in solving the cost recovery problem. Raised tariffs would in turn contribute to improved efficiency of water use. As evidenced by estimation results of returns to scale (greater than one), merger of WSAs would be economically advantageous. Hence, reversing the process of transferring water services' authority to 'local' municipality level and thus up-scaling WSAs into the 'district' municipality level is an important policy option for improving water services efficiency in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/41630">
    <title>Industrial water demand analysis in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa: The case of mining</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/41630</link>
    <description>Title: Industrial water demand analysis in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa: The case of mining
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Linz, Teresa; Tsegai, Daniel W.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: This paper seeks to determine water demand of the mining sector in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa. Despite the growing economic importance of mining in the area, only little is known about its water demand and the role of water in the mines´ extraction process. By means of econometric estimation water price elasticities as well as substitution possibilities between water and other inputs are derived to analyze the response of mines to changes in water tariffs. Using primary data, a translog cost function is estimated for five mines operating in the area. Cost share equations of each input are specified and estimated using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method. The mean cost share of water for all five mines, with around 1%, is relatively small, reflecting the low water tariff and results show industrial water demand to be inelastic. Nevertheless, with water price elasticity values ranging from -0.77 to -0.95 for the five mines, there is a potential to influence water use patterns through higher tariffs. As mines are water intensive industries, possible water savings owing to raised water tariffs should not be neglected. Water intake is found to be a substitute for labor and capital for most of the mines, implying that capital investments in water saving technologies might be an alternative means to reduce water intake of the mining sector.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/41629">
    <title>Measuring biodiversity: An axiomatic evaluation of measures based on genetic data</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/41629</link>
    <description>Title: Measuring biodiversity: An axiomatic evaluation of measures based on genetic data
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Gerber, Nicolas
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Biodiversity measurement is necessary to evaluate conservation alternatives and understand how to maximize biodiversity returns on conservation budgets. In the economics literature, most studies focus on species level diversity. Existing measures based on species' pairwise genetic differences do not perform optimally. This paper develops two new biodiversity measures within the same genetic framework. An axiomatic diagnosis for this class of measures is proposed and four biodiversity measures are then compared. Though the axiomatic comparison points towards a single 'best' measure, it also indicates that the choice of measure should be dependent on the conservation problem at hand.</description>
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