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    <title>EconStor Collection: Weekly Report (Volume 7, 2011), DIW Berlin</title>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57681">
    <title>Considering emigration: German university graduates are moving abroad - But only temporarily</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57681</link>
    <description>Title: Considering emigration: German university graduates are moving abroad - But only temporarily
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Liebau, Elisabeth; Schupp, Jürgen
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Much of the current German debate about the integration of immigrants overlooks the fact that Germany is not solely a country of immigration, but also - and to a substantial degree - a country of emigration. One of the largest groups of emigrants is made up of Germans themselves. The percentage of German natives in the total population of emigrants has risen substantially over the last few years. In 2009, of the almost 750,000 individuals who emigrated from Germany, 155,000 were German citizens. Data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) show that in 2009, one in every eight German citizens seriously considered moving abroad. Of these, one in three considered leaving Germany permanently and one in eleven considered leaving within the next twelve months. Of the factors that tend to favor emigration, previous experiences and friends abroad play a crucial role. University graduates are more inclined to move abroad temporarily. Concerns that Germany is suffering a brain drain, losing its best and brightest to other countries, are therefore unjustified at the present time.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57680">
    <title>A squandered opportunity: Even after the financial crisis, top positions in large financial firms still largely occupied by men</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57680</link>
    <description>Title: A squandered opportunity: Even after the financial crisis, top positions in large financial firms still largely occupied by men
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Holst, Elke; Schimeta, Julia
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Despite the recent financial crisis and widespread mergers in the banking industry, the German financial sector remains largely unchanged in one respect: the percentage of women on the corporate boards of Germany's banks and insurance companies was nearly as low in 2010 as in the pre-crisis years. As a result, German companies have left the potential for innovation that has been shown to accompany a significant increase of women in top management untapped. Although more than half of all employees in the financial sector are women, only 2.9% of executive board members in Germany's major banks and savings institutions and just 2.5% of board members in the largest insurance companies are female. In this respect, the financial crisis has not changed the gender divide in top management. The percentage of women in board positions in Germany's largest 100 banks and savings institutions has remained almost constant since 2009; on the boards of German insurance companies, the percentage of women has even declined. Women are slightly better represented on supervisory boards than on executive boards: 16.3% of supervisory board members in the top 100 banks and savings institutions are female compared to just 11.9% in the top 62 insurance companies, a 0.5 point lower percentage than last year. The great majority of women were appointed to supervisory boards as employee representatives, thus as a result of co-determination legislation - 66.7% in the case of banks and savings institutions and 81.3% in the case of insurance companies. Moreover, public-sector banks are no models for gender equality in top management: with only 2% women on their executive boards and 16.5% on their supervisory boards, these state-run institutions are no better than their private-sector counterparts, despite federal and state gender equality legislation. However, the only women chairing supervisory boards in the public or private sector are found in public-sector banks and savings banks.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57679">
    <title>Technology neutral public support: An important pillar of East German industrial research</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57679</link>
    <description>Title: Technology neutral public support: An important pillar of East German industrial research
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Belitz, Heike; Eickelpasch, Alexander; Lejpras, Anna
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Industrial research in East Germany mostly takes place in small and medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and non-profit external industrial research institutions, whereas in West Germany industrial research mainly takes place in large companies. The German Federal government, along with Länder governments, subsidize industrial research in East Germany-within the framework of technology neutral public support programmes-spending about half a billion EUR annually. This approach, which subsidizes a broad spectrum of product and process innovations through project grants, has been proven, by and large, successful. Publicly supported industrial SMEs increased employment, gained access to new markets, as well as improved their productivity and profit situation. This is the finding of a study for the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology conducted by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). In order to promote the growth of East German businesses, priority should be placed on research and development (R&amp;D) and innovation. For this reason, the German government-which has expanded SMEs support to West Germany-needs to continue preference to East Germany.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57678">
    <title>German electricity prices: Only modest increase due to renewable energy expected</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57678</link>
    <description>Title: German electricity prices: Only modest increase due to renewable energy expected
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Traber, Thure; Kemfert, Claudia; Diekmann, Jochen
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Consumer prices for electricity in Germany have risen considerably in recent years. These price increases are partially attributable to a strong rise in the apportionment for the promotion of renewable electricity in accordance with the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The EEG apportionment and associated VAT currently account for approximately one-sixth of household spending on electricity. Yet the increasing generation of power from renewables leads to decreased wholesale electricity prices. As a result, the net burden on the consumer - given effective competition - is lower than the apportionment. According to modelling calculations performed by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), inflation-adjusted wholesale prices for electricity will only increase by 11% between 2010 and 2020 to 4.9 euro cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), despite increasing fuel and CO2 certificate prices. In the absence of expanded deployment of renewable energy, a higher price increase of 20% can be expected. Although electricity generation from renewable sources is forecasted to more than double by 2020, the EEG apportionment borne by consumers will in real terms only be 3.64 euro cents per kWh, and thus only slightly higher than it is today. The main reason for this low growth is the fact that the tariffs for new installations are digressive, falling year by year. In addition, tariffs are diminished in real terms by price inflation. Our modelling calculations assume that legislators will take action against the recent overinvestment in the solar electricity sector. Thanks to a significant fall in the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems, the reduction of PV tariffs can be placed on an accelerated timetable. Over the long term, the overall level of support provided under the EEG should be reduced. For the further deployment of renewable energy it is necessary to expand Germany's power grid in addition to the availability of energy storage facilities. Steps must also be taken to increase competition in electricity markets.</description>
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