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    <title>EconStor Collection: Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, 2011 (Berlin)</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/48280</link>
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    <title>Does the Rotten Child Spoil His Companion? Spatial Peer Effects Among Children in Rural India</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57928</link>
    <description>Title: Does the Rotten Child Spoil His Companion? Spatial Peer Effects Among Children in Rural India
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Helmers, Christian; Patnam, Manasa
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: This paper identifies the effect of neighborhood peer groups on childhood skill acquisition using observational data. We incorporate spatial peer interaction, defined as a child's nearest geographical neighbors, into a production function of child cognitive development in Andhra Pradesh, India. Our peer group definition takes the form of networks, whose structure allows us to separately identify endogenous peer effects and contextual effects. We exploit variation over time to avoid confounding correlated with social effects. Our results suggest that spatial peer and neighborhood effects are strongly positively associated with a child's cognitive skill formation. Further, we find that the presence of peer groups helps provide insurance against the negative impact of idiosyncratic shocks to child learning. We show that peer effects are robust to different specifications of peer interactions and investigate the sensitivity of our estimates to potential mis-specification of the network structure using Monte Carlo experiments.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/49460">
    <title>Modern Day Slavery: What Drives Human Trafficking in Europe?</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/49460</link>
    <description>Title: Modern Day Slavery: What Drives Human Trafficking in Europe?
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Hernandez, Diego; Rudolph, Alexandra
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: At a time of increased attention on the international agenda for human trafficking, this paper examines the determinants of human trafficking inflows in to 13 European countries based on official records. By employing a fixed effects zero-inflated, negative binomial gravity-type model, we address data characteristics appropriately. The econometric analysis suggests that human trafficking occurs in well established routes for migrants and refugees. Victims are more likely to be transported to, and exploited in, host countries with suboptimal institutional quality levels. Countries whose nationals do not require a visa for short term visits are especially prone to being potential source countries. Legal status and regulation of commercial sex services does not affect the pattern of trafficking flows.</description>
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    <title>Funding, Competition and the Efficiency of NGOs: An Empirical Analysis of Non-charitable Expenditure of US NGOs Engaged in Foreign Aid</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/48361</link>
    <description>Title: Funding, Competition and the Efficiency of NGOs: An Empirical Analysis of Non-charitable Expenditure of US NGOs Engaged in Foreign Aid
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Öhler, Hannes; Nunnenkamp, Peter 133128296
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: We assess the determinants of the wide variation in the efficiency of foreign aid activities across US-based non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In particular, we analyze whether non-charitable expenditures for administration, management and fundraising depend on the intensity of competition among NGOs and on the degree to which they are refinanced by governments. We control for NGO heterogeneity in various dimensions as well as major characteristics of recipient countries. We find that fiercer competition is associated with more efficient foreign aid activities of NGOs, rather than leading to excessive fundraising. Official funding tends to increase administrative costs. Nevertheless, officially financed NGOs spend relatively more on charitable activities since they are less concerned with collecting private donations through fundraising efforts.</description>
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    <title>Religiosity as a determinant of happiness</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/48360</link>
    <description>Title: Religiosity as a determinant of happiness
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Opfinger, Matthias; Gundlach, Erich
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: We find a U-shaped relation between happiness and religiosity in cross-country panel data after controlling for income levels. At a given level of income, the same level of happiness can be reached with high and low levels of religiosity, but not with intermediate levels. A rise in income causes an increase in happiness along with a decline of religiosity. Our interpretation of the empirical results is that the indifference curves for religiosity and other commodities of the utility function are hump-shaped.</description>
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