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    <title>EconStor Community: University of the Philippines</title>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46678">
    <title>Spotlighting on high economic growth, employment of the poor, and poverty reduction: A three-pronged strategy</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46678</link>
    <description>Title: Spotlighting on high economic growth, employment of the poor, and poverty reduction: A three-pronged strategy
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Sicat, Gerardo P.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: The strong popular mandate of the new president brings high hopes for bold economic reforms. A three-pronged strategy to deal with the Philippine under-performance in economic growth, generate more employment especially among the poor and to reduce poverty is suggested. The strategy consists of: (1) raising the volume of targeted subsidies to assist very poor families; (2) amending the restrictive economic provisions from the constitution so that they are moved to the body of the country's ordinary laws; and (3) establishing special labor employment zones as industrial estates in low income sub-regions where the enterprise locators can hire labor at market-determined rates. The three-pronged strategy is linked tightly. The government must commit to make a substantial increase of funding of (1), as soon as it has established, but not before, that reforms (2) and (3) will have been achieved. Only a president with a strong mandate and who enjoys great popularity can push through the political storm that reforms (2) and (3) are likely to invite. The constitutional amendment will transform the psychology of the economic reform processes within the country. It will remove the jurisdiction of the courts on economic policy legislation and on business issues on grounds of constitutionality. For another, it will focus the democratic process to the passage of the proper legislation suited to the country's needs in relation to foreign investment. The two reforms will stimulate the entry of foreign direct investments, facilitate interest again of highly labor using industries that have left the country for foreign locations to come back, enable domestic firms to adjust their labor costs more effectively, and stimulate the employment of the large numbers of unemployed and underemployed into organized and modern sectors of the economy. They will raise the country's growth rate closer to those of high growth East Asian economies and contribute to the eradication of high unemployment in the economy while reducing poverty.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46677">
    <title>Population growth and infant mortality</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46677</link>
    <description>Title: Population growth and infant mortality
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Fabella, Christina
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: The relationship between population growth and economic outcomes is an issue of great policy significance. In the era of the Millennium Development Goals, poverty and its correlates have become the compelling issues. Economic growth may not automatically translate into reductions in poverty and its correlates (may not trickle down) if income distribution is at the same time worsening. We therefore investigate the direct effect of population growth on infant mortality for various income categories of countries. We find that after controlling for other relevant influences, population growth robustly increases infant mortality five years later across income categories. The coefficient for population growth and its significance rise as we move from full sample to lower-income to lowincome categories. The adverse effect of population growth on infant survival thus rises as one moves from full sample, to lower-income to low-income categories. For low-income countries, the adverse effect of population growth emerges sooner, i.e., after two years. The study highlights the important, if delayed, contribution of population control programs to reduction in infant mortality and poverty.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46676">
    <title>A federal structure is costly and does not guarantee progress</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46676</link>
    <description>Title: A federal structure is costly and does not guarantee progress
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Sicat, Gerardo P.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: The paper discusses the suitability of the federal form of government as a replacement for the centralized structure of government in the context of Philippine economic and political conditions. The answer is depicted in the title of the essay. In providing a review of the main question, different countries in East Asia and countries are assessed. In all of them, economic performance is not due to the form of their government but to the use of correct economic policies. The federalist program proposes seeks to divide the Philippines into separate states to form a federal union. This is contrary to the historical experience of modern and successful federal states where the separate states first evolved as self-governing regions before they decided to form a federation. There are many disadvantages of the federalist proposal in the context of existing Philippine conditions. Changing to a federal structure does not promote international competitiveness since the restrictions on the movement of specific factors of production - foreign direct investment in some sectors in this case - will continue to exist without an amendment of the economic provisions that is not in the federalist agenda. A federation will strengthen the power and political hold of local political dynasties and warlords and this can result in the incidence of monopolies. A federal form of government can create the basis for balkanization of an increasingly divided nation. The nature of central -local government sharing of burdens and resources is a continuing agenda whether in a unitary or federal government. Even in a federation, these problems will not go away. The condition of an impoverished central government is due to the inability to improve the economy's performance. In the Philippine context, this is due to the restrictive economic provisions of the Philippine Constitution.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46675">
    <title>Men and women in the Philippine work place: A supply of labor analysis</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/46675</link>
    <description>Title: Men and women in the Philippine work place: A supply of labor analysis
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Sicat, Gerardo P.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: This paper deals with the supply of male and female labor in Philippine industry. Using unit record data from the Philippine survey of manufactures of 2005, a supply equation in which labor by sex of workers is estimated with the wage rate used as the explanatory variable. The results confirm the finding of this author's other study of labor supply that the supply of labor is within the zones of unlimited and abundant labor supply as described in that paper. The wage rate - whether it is the wage bill as size indicator for the firm or that of wage rates for either male or female labor - is not a significant explanatory variable. External and institutional conditions are more important in indicating the level of wages that firms accept when they hire labor in industry. In the few situations where the wage rate helps to explain the supply of labor, its influence is of negligible impact. For male labor, there is a (weak) indication that female labor is more complementary as a labor factor. Male labor receives a higher average rate of pay compared to that of women, but the supply of male labor appears to be more directly related to the female wage. As female wages rise even by the smallest change, so would the rise in the supply of male labor. In the case of female labor, the presence of male labor appears more like a (weak) competitive presence so that there is a negative rate associated with female labor. Firms within specific size groups hire labor according to their labor requirements but the wage rate is not a significant determinant. Specific industry that requires large numbers of workers for their operations such as those in export manufacturing and those that produce wage are partly but not substantially affected by variations in the wage rate. The study also points out those industry groups that tend to favor male or female workers in their workforce.</description>
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