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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/45692">
    <title>Understanding productivity levels, dispersion and growth in the leather shoe industry: Effects of size and informality</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/45692</link>
    <description>Title: Understanding productivity levels, dispersion and growth in the leather shoe industry: Effects of size and informality
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Birbuet, Juan Cristóbal; Machicado, Carlos Gustavo
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: In this case study performed on the industrial sub-sector of manufacture of leather shoes in Bolivia, we use the Hsieh and Klenow model (2008) to determine the differences between productivity of larger and formal companies and productivity of smaller and informal companies. Our results reveal that there are not many differences in terms of productivity among these types of companies. We think that informality is indeed the most important factor that contributes to this phenomenon. Apparently, the decrease in costs associated with informality compensates to some extent the economies of scale of formal companies with bigger dimensions and better technology. A notable fact in the shoe manufacturing industry is that it had experienced an atomization process in the last years. This trend is the consequence of a progressive creation of many small informal companies instead of the consolidation of this industry in medium and large formal companies. In a way, informality has contributed to this process. First, because it allows the survival of less productive companies that if they were not informal, they would have to bear costs that would not allow them to continue in business. Second, because informality creates strong incentives for employees to start their own business. On the other hand, many costs associated with formality discourage legally operating companies to employ more people, raise capital and growth.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/45691">
    <title>Public expenditure policy in Bolivia: Growth and welfare</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/45691</link>
    <description>Title: Public expenditure policy in Bolivia: Growth and welfare
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Machicado, Carlos Gustavo; Estrada, Paul; Flores, Ximena
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: It has been widely documented that fiscal policy can promote economic growth, when it is based on an efficient provision of pubic capital. But little work has been done, in Bolivia, in relation to the macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of increasing public investment in infrastructure. This paper develops a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model for a small open economy with five sectors: Non-tradable or services, importable or manufacturing, hydrocarbons, mining and agriculture. The model is parameterized and solved for the Bolivian economy and several interesting scenarios are simulated by changing government expenditures, taxes, country risk, Total Factor Productivity, effectiveness of public capital and terms of trade. This analysis is relevant for the Bolivian economy, because the government is using fiscal policy as one of its main tool to attack poverty and aims to put public investment as the foremost instruments to promote growth and welfare.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/45690">
    <title>Effects of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Bolivian economy: A CGE approach</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/45690</link>
    <description>Title: Effects of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Bolivian economy: A CGE approach
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Cicowiez, Martin; Machicado, Carlos Gustavo
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Bolivian economy. The PEP 1-1 Standard Model has been employed to analyze the effects of a reduction in (i) the world export prices of mining and agriculture, (ii) the world demand of textiles, and (iii) transfers to households (i.e., remittances) from abroad. The model has been calibrated to a new 2006 SAM for Bolivia. The households have been disaggregated according to their location (urban and rural) and ethnicity (indigenous and non-indigenous). The factors of production have been disaggregated into skilled and unskilled labor, capital, and natural resources. Not surprisingly, our results highlight the relevance of the decrease in the export price of natural gas in explaining the negative effects of the Global Financial Crisis.</description>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/45689">
    <title>Trabajo no agrícola de las familias rurales en Bolivia: Un análisis de determinantes y efectos</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/45689</link>
    <description>Title: Trabajo no agrícola de las familias rurales en Bolivia: Un análisis de determinantes y efectos
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Andersen, Lykke E.; Valencia, Horacio
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Este documento analiza la oferta de trabajo no agrícola de los hogares rurales en Bolivia. Se observa que aproximadamente el 50% de todos los hogares en el área rural complementan sus ingresos a través del trabajo no agrícola, esta actividad tiende a ocurrir con más frecuencia en los hogares en tierras bajas que en las tierras altas. Dado que el trabajo no agrícola paga varias veces mejor que el trabajo agrícola, acceder a esta fuente de ingresos complementarios constituye una importante oportunidad para escapar de la pobreza rural.</description>
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