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    <title>EconStor Collection: IZA Discussion Papers, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (IZA)</title>
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    <title>Just the facts, ma'am: Postsecondary education and labor market outcomes in the US</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71756</link>
    <description>Title: Just the facts, ma'am: Postsecondary education and labor market outcomes in the US
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Holzer, Harry J.; Dunlop, Erin
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date snapshot of the most important postsecondary education and labor market outcomes in the U.S. using two nationally representative sources of data: The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and The National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS). We find that postsecondary educational attainment has risen modestly among young Americans over the past two decades, with greater gains in BA attainment in the 1990s and in certificate and AA attainment since 2000 (though attainment rose during the Great Recession at all levels). Both younger and older cohorts of blacks and Hispanics have made relative progress in the attainment of certificates and AAs but still lag behind whites in the entry into and completion of BA programs; completion rates in BA programs also lag substantially for those from low-income families or with weak academic achievement in high school. Young women (especially among whites and blacks) now achieve sub-BA and BA degrees at higher levels than their male counterparts and generally have higher achievement. There are labor market returns for all postsecondary credentials, including certificates and AA degrees, though these vary across field of study. Large gender gaps exist in field of study, with men more concentrated in high-paying fields. Lastly, we find that high school achievement measures can account for much of the racial gaps in BA completion and earnings and some of the gaps by family background, though they account for little of the continuing gender gap favoring young men in earnings.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71755">
    <title>Intrahousehold bargaining and the demand for consumer durables in Brazil</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71755</link>
    <description>Title: Intrahousehold bargaining and the demand for consumer durables in Brazil
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: e Fava, Ana Cláudia Polato; Arends-Kuenning, Mary P.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: In Brazil, wives do most of the household work. About sixty percent of them also work outside the household, working a total of about 10 hours more per week than men. Because of this unequal distribution of household work, husbands and wives might have different priorities regarding the purchase of durable goods. Although both husbands and wives enjoy entertainment durable goods, wives might have a relative preference for household-production durable goods such as washing machines over entertainment durable goods such as televisions. Using a Brazilian household consumption survey, we examine whether decisions about ownership of entertainment and production durable goods are the outcomes of a bargaining process between husbands and wives. We use several variables to measure bargaining power, including the ratio of women to men in a state. The results indicate that decisions about durable goods ownership are the outcomes of bargaining processes between husbands and wives with wives having a relative preference for household-production durable goods over entertainment durable goods compared to their husbands. Bargaining might explain why ownership of household production durable goods is relatively low in Brazil, despite their potential to save women's time.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71754">
    <title>Business, bankruptcy, and beliefs: The financial demise of NBA stars</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71754</link>
    <description>Title: Business, bankruptcy, and beliefs: The financial demise of NBA stars
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Henry, Ruby
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: The financial troubles of professional athletes are an ongoing topic of intrigue. In general, the zealousness brought to private equity schemes are a common factor in observed financial insolvency. Considering the behavioral attribute of self-confidence I propose a simple model which explains entrepreneurial activity and adverse financial outcomes. The model implies that investment effort increases with self-confidence, while promoting financial solvency. Constructing a unique database of NBA players affords a singular opportunity to measure confidence directly from behavior, avoiding bias from self-reported surveys. In addition, I observe for-profit business ventures and use this data to test the model's implications for the outcomes of both entrepreneurial activity (investment effort) and bankruptcy. Without correcting for endogeneity it does appear that starting businesses causes bankruptcy. After using charitable foundations as an instrument, however, the data confirms the model's prediction - that investment effort is associated with financial solvency. That said, I also find that the effect of confidence on bankruptcy to be non-monotonic. Having some confidence decreases the probability of bankruptcy, but high levels increase this probability.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71753">
    <title>Women, medieval commerce, and the education gender gap</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71753</link>
    <description>Title: Women, medieval commerce, and the education gender gap
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Bertocchi, Graziella; Bozzano, Monica
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: We investigate the historical determinants of the education gender gap in Italy in the late nineteenth century, immediately following the country's Unification. We use a comprehensive newly-assembled database including 69 provinces over twenty-year sub-samples covering the 1861-1901 period. We find robust evidence that female primary school attainment, relative to that of males, is positively associated with the medieval pattern of commerce, along the routes that connected Italian cities among themselves and with the rest of the world. The effect of medieval commerce is particularly strong at the non-compulsory upper-primary level and persists even after controlling for alternative long-term determinants reflecting the geographic, economic, political, and cultural differentiation of medieval Italy. The long-term influence of medieval commerce quickly dissipates after national compulsory primary schooling is imposed at Unification, suggesting that the channel of transmission was the larger provision of education for girls in commercial centers.</description>
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