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    <title>EconStor Community: Yale University</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/269</link>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59169">
    <title>Endowments and investments within the household: Evidence from iodine supplementation in Tanzania</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59169</link>
    <description>Title: Endowments and investments within the household: Evidence from iodine supplementation in Tanzania
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Adhvaryu, Achyuta; Nyshadham, Anant
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Standard theories of resource allocation within the household posit that parents' investments in their children reflect a combination of children's endowments and parents' preferences for child quality. We study how changes in children's cognitive endowments affect the distribution of parental investments amongst siblings, using data from a largescale iodine supplementation program in Tanzania. We find that parents strongly reinforce the higher cognitive endowments of children who received in utero iodine supplementation, by investing more in vaccinations and early life nutrition. The effect of siblings' endowments on own investments depends on the extent to which quality across children is substitutable in parents' utility functions. Neonatal investments, made before cognitive endowments become apparent to parents, are unaffected. Fertility is unaffected as well, suggesting that inframarginal quality improvements can spur investment responses even when the quantity-quality tradeoff is not readily observable.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59168">
    <title>Economic growth, comparative advantage, and gender differences in schooling outcomes: Evidence from the birthweight differences of Chinese twins</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59168</link>
    <description>Title: Economic growth, comparative advantage, and gender differences in schooling outcomes: Evidence from the birthweight differences of Chinese twins
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Rosenzweig, Mark R.; Zhang, Junsen
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Data from two surveys of twins in China are used to contribute to an improved understanding of the role of economic development in affecting gender differences in the trends in, levels of, and returns to schooling observed in China and in many developing countries in recent decades. In particular, we explore the hypothesis that these phenomena reflect differences in comparative advantage with respect to skill and brawn between men and women in the context of changes in incomes, returns to skill, and/or nutritional improvements that are the result of economic development and growth.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59167">
    <title>Expanding microenterprise credit access: Using randomized supply decisions to estimate the impacts in Manila</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59167</link>
    <description>Title: Expanding microenterprise credit access: Using randomized supply decisions to estimate the impacts in Manila
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Karlan, Dean; Zinman, Jonathan
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Microcredit seeks to promote business growth and improve well-being by expanding access to credit. We use a field experiment and follow-up survey to measure impacts of a credit expansion for microentrepreneurs in Manila. The effects are diffuse, heterogeneous, and surprising. Although there is some evidence that profits increase, the mechanism seems to be that businesses shrink by shedding unproductive workers. Overall, borrowing households substitute away from labor (in both family and outside businesses), and into education. We also find substitution away from formal insurance,along with increases in access to informal risk-sharing mechanisms. Our treatment effects are stronger for groups that are not typically targeted by microlenders: male and higher-income entrepreneurs. In all, our results suggest that microcredit works broadly through risk management and investment at the household level, rather than directly through the targeted businesses.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59166">
    <title>Did the cooperative start life as a joint-stock company? Business law and cooperatives in Spain, 1869 - 1931</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59166</link>
    <description>Title: Did the cooperative start life as a joint-stock company? Business law and cooperatives in Spain, 1869 - 1931
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Guinnane, Timothy W.; Martínez-Rodríguez, Susana
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Studies of Spanish cooperatives date their spread from the Law on Agrarian Syndicates of 1906. But the first legislative appearance of cooperatives is an 1869 measure that permitted general incorporation for lending companies. The 1931 general law on cooperatives, which was the first act permitting the formation of cooperatives in any activity, reflects the gradual disappearance of the cooperative's business characteristics. In this paper we trace the Spanish cooperative's legal roots in business law and its connections to broader questions of the freedom of association, the formation of joint-stock enterprises, and the liability of investors in business and cooperative entities. Our account underscores the similarities of the organizational problems approach by cooperatives and business firms, while at the same time respecting the distinctive purposes cooperatives served.</description>
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