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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/66213">
    <title>Mutual health insurance and its contribution to improving child health in Rwanda</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/66213</link>
    <description>Title: Mutual health insurance and its contribution to improving child health in Rwanda
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Binagwaho, Agnes; Hartwig, Renate; Ingeri, Denyse; Makaka, Andrew
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Rwanda is among the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the developing approaching universal health insurance coverage. To date, over 90 per cent of the population are enrolled in the Mutuelles de Santé - a system that started off from a number of stand-alone community based health insurance schemes and gradually evolved into a unified social health insurance plan. The country has also made remarkable progress in ameliorating child health, particularly since 2005, which coincides with the year when the Mutuelles de Santé was standardised and raises the question to what extent the insurance scheme did contribute to the observed improvements. In order to address this issue we conduct a quantitative impact evaluation using nationally representative micro-data from the 2005 and 2010 Rwandan Demographic and Health Surveys (RDHSs) and also consider potential channels from which improvements could originate. Our results suggest the following: The Mutuelles de Santé improves access to preventative and curative health services. Insured households are more sensitive to health issues, in the sense that they are more inclined to use bed nets and ensure safe drinking water. Despite a weak effect on health outcomes overall, the insurance scheme seems to have contributed to improvements in stunting and mortality, at the critical ages (before the age of two).</description>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/66213">
    <title>Mutual health insurance and its contribution to improving child health in Rwanda</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/66213</link>
    <description>Title: Mutual health insurance and its contribution to improving child health in Rwanda
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Binagwaho, Agnes; Hartwig, Renate; Ingeri, Denyse; Makaka, Andrew
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Rwanda is among the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and the developing approaching universal health insurance coverage. To date, over 90 per cent of the population are enrolled in the Mutuelles de Santé - a system that started off from a number of stand-alone community based health insurance schemes and gradually evolved into a unified social health insurance plan. The country has also made remarkable progress in ameliorating child health, particularly since 2005, which coincides with the year when the Mutuelles de Santé was standardised and raises the question to what extent the insurance scheme did contribute to the observed improvements. In order to address this issue we conduct a quantitative impact evaluation using nationally representative micro-data from the 2005 and 2010 Rwandan Demographic and Health Surveys (RDHSs) and also consider potential channels from which improvements could originate. Our results suggest the following: The Mutuelles de Santé improves access to preventative and curative health services. Insured households are more sensitive to health issues, in the sense that they are more inclined to use bed nets and ensure safe drinking water. Despite a weak effect on health outcomes overall, the insurance scheme seems to have contributed to improvements in stunting and mortality, at the critical ages (before the age of two).</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59603">
    <title>Deeds rather than omissions: How intended consequences provoke negative reciprocity</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59603</link>
    <description>Title: Deeds rather than omissions: How intended consequences provoke negative reciprocity
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Schubert, Manuel
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Intention-based models of reciprocity argue that people assess kindness by measuring the intended consequences of actual behavior (deeds) against foregone payoffs resulting from unchosen alternatives (omissions). While the effects of omissions have been intensively studied in recent years, less has been done with respect to the impact of deeds on reciprocation. I employ a novel game that alters the intended consequences behind actual behavior at constant levels of unchosen alternatives and realized payoffs. Aggregate results suggest that intended consequences only weakly matter for negative reciprocity. I find men to abstain from retaliation when others intend to mildly harm them. Women, however, seem to be largely invariant to intended consequences of actual behavior.</description>
  </item>
  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59602">
    <title>On the costs of kindness: An experimental investigation of guilty minds and negative reciprocity</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/59602</link>
    <description>Title: On the costs of kindness: An experimental investigation of guilty minds and negative reciprocity
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Schubert, Manuel; Graf Lambsdorff, Johann
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Psychology has inspired economics to recognize intentions in addition to outcomes as being relevant for utility and behavior. Reciprocal behavior, in particular, has been related to the kindness of chosen actions and how kindness can be derived from the benefits obtained in unchosen alternatives. This study shows that a richer understanding of kindness is required. We carry out ultimatum games with a reduced space of strategies and observe that subjects refrain from negative reciprocity (rejecting proposals) if an unchosen alternative was costly to the proposer. Second, we find proposers to anticipate this behavior. Not only the benefits are relevant for assessments of kindness, the costs of kindness matter as well.</description>
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