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    <title>EconStor Community: Ibero-Amerika-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (IAI), Universität Göttingen</title>
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    <title>Micro level estimation of income: Simulated welfare mapping (poverty maps) for Paraguay 1992 and 2002</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57339</link>
    <description>Title: Micro level estimation of income: Simulated welfare mapping (poverty maps) for Paraguay 1992 and 2002
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Otter, Thomas
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Recent theoretical and empirical advances have brought income and wealth distributions back into a prominent position in growth and development theories, and as determinants of specific socio-economic outcomes, such as health or levels of violence and related phenomenon of inequality. To improve empirical investigation, new techniques were required for the simulation of small scale welfare indicators, such as income and its related distribution. Elbers, Lanjouw and Lanjouw (2003) designed a statistical procedure to combine different types of data and take advantage of the detail in household sample surveys and the comprehensive coverage of a census. The method extends the literature on small area statistics (Ghosh and Rao (1994), Rao (1999)) by developing estimators of population parameters which are non-linear functions of the underlying variable of interest (for example per capita income) by deriving them from the full unit level distribution of that variable. The most famous output of these exercises is known as 'poverty maps'. The use of these poverty maps is an important poverty reduction policy implementation tool used for selecting the poorest villages in the country (or villages where the greatest number of poor people are), such as the programs Bolsa Escuela in Brasil, Progreso in Mexico, Puente in Chile, Bolsa Familia in Argentina, Bono de Desarrollo Humano in Ecuador or Tekopora in Paraguay; all of these conditional cash transfer programs, directly to extremely poor households.</description>
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  <item rdf:about="http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57338">
    <title>Determinants of student achievements in the primary education of Paraguay</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57338</link>
    <description>Title: Determinants of student achievements in the primary education of Paraguay
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Otter, Thomas; Villalobos Barría, Carlos
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: The idea that schooling scores depend on a combination of family background characteristics, ability and school (institutional) variables is quite clear. Regarding the issue of intergenerational transmission of inequality in the educational system, the most important question would be if and to what extent could a better institutional performance of the school service compensate for problems related to family background. By means of the estimation of a reduced form equation for selected scores, we investigate the impact of institutional performance on scores after controlling for family background and individual characteristics. We do this by using a novel data set and an OLS and quantile regression approach to analyze how heterogeneous the process of score generation can be. By providing integral health solutions, minimizing under-nutrition and providing ideal conditions in the classroom, training teachers can impact positively on low and mean learning outcomes, thus contributing to an improved educational quality and breaking cycles of intergenerational transmission of inequality. Increasing learning outcomes for levels above the median, only strengthens the transmission of inequality. Consequently, the equality approach should focus on trying to improve the worst scores and our results show that this can be reached at a significant level closing teacher training gaps, improving classroom conditions and improving health and nutrition.</description>
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    <title>The impact of FTAs on MENA trade</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57337</link>
    <description>Title: The impact of FTAs on MENA trade
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Parra Robles, María Dolores; Martínez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada; Suárez Burguet, Celestino
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: The present work analyses the impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) on the improvement of trade flows for ten Middle East and North African Countries (MENA) for the period 1990-2010. An extended gravity model is estimated to analyse the average and individual impact of six FTAs (four North-South-FTAs and three South- South-FTAs) on exports and imports of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. The trade effect of the customs union between Turkey and the EU is also analysed. With the aim of obtaining more information about the real impact of the agreement, the analysis is undertaken not only for aggregated trade but also for trade in industrial products and trade in agricultural products separately. In this way, the fact that the text of such agreements distinguishes between industrial and non-industrial products to establish schedules of liberalization is taken into account. The findings indicate that the Euromed FTA has a positive and significant impact on exports from the EU to MENA countries but not the other way around. The only agreement that has a positive and significant impact on both imports and exports is the customs union between the EU and Turkey.</description>
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    <title>Regional growth convergence in Colombia using social indicators</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57336</link>
    <description>Title: Regional growth convergence in Colombia using social indicators
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Branisa, Boris; Cardozo, Adriana
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: This paper investigates convergence in social indicators among Colombian departments from 1973 to 2005. We use census data and apply both the regression approach and the distributional approach (univariate and bivariate kernel density estimators). Using literacy rate as a proxy for education, we find convergence between 1973 and 2005, but persistence in the distribution between 1975 and 2000, when we use the infant survival rate and life expectancy at birth as proxies for health. Additionally, using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, we find convergence in the rate of children that are well-nourished between 1995 and 2005.</description>
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